Ir-Pt/C composite with high metal loading as a high-performance anti-reversal anode catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Voltage reversal induced by hydrogen starvation can severely corrode the anode catalyst support and deteriorate the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. A material-based strategy is the inclusion of an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst (e.g., IrO₂) in the anode to promote water electrolysis over harmful carbon corrosion. In this work, an Ir-Pt/C composite catalyst with high metal loading is prepared. The membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) with 80 wt% Ir-Pt(1:2)/C shows a first reversal time (FRT) of up to 20 hours, which is about ten times that of MEA with 50 wt% Ir-Pt(1:2)/C does. Furthermore, the MEA with 80 wt% Ir-Pt(1:2)/C exhibits a minimum cell voltage loss of 6 mV@1 A/cm² when the FRT is terminated in 2 hours, in which the MEA with 50 wt% Ir-Pt(1:2)/C exhibits a voltage loss of 105 mV@1 A/cm². Further physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations demonstrate that the destruction of anode catalyst layer caused by the voltage reversal process is alleviated by the use of the composite catalyst with high metal loading. Hence, our results reveal that the combination of OER catalyst on the Pt/C with high metal loading is a promising approach to alleviate the degradation of anode catalyst layer during the voltage reversal process for PEMFCs.     

Analysis and proposition of limiting current density measurement protocol

Limiting current density at different temperatures, backpressures, and balance gases can be used to separate molecular diffusion resistance, Knudsen diffusion resistance and local transport resistance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). However, the measurement of limiting current density has no unified protocol. The diverse choices in the literature, either in the control of current or voltage or in the atmosphere like relative humidity and O₂ concentrations, make it difficult to compare the results and identify the true bottleneck hindering the mass transport. In this work, the current-voltage curves obtained by current scanning/stepping and voltage scanning/stepping methods under dilute O₂ of different concentrations and a wide range of relative humidity were measured and analyzed systematically. It is found that the voltage stepping method is superior to the other three ways of control for the reliable determination of the limiting current density. Aided with simultaneous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement, the limiting current density can be determined with pinpoint accuracy. When the limiting current density is just used to qualitatively evaluate different MEA, the voltage scanning method can be used instead for its high time efficiency. The selection of the atmosphere also plays an important role in suppressing the distortion from excessive water and reducing the spurious contribution from proton conduction resistance. It is found that O₂ concentrations at 0.5 vol% and relative humidity at 90% can give the best estimation of O₂ transport resistance in membrane electrode assembly.     

荔浦市岩质崩塌形成条件及失稳运动特征

通过对荔浦市境内碳酸盐岩区岩质崩塌及该区域地质环境条件的调查,总结了岩质崩塌的规模、发育高度、控制结构面等发育特征,分析了岩质崩塌形成条件,并判断岩质崩塌的失稳运动特征。本文以一处危岩为例,用无人机进行三维扫描并分析其形成原因及预测其失稳运动特征。     

巷道过陷落柱顶板安全技术措施

为了保证9109回风顺槽安全快速过X0陷落柱,保证过陷落柱期间顶板稳定性,七一煤矿通过技术研究,采用导硐分层爆破施工工艺,提出了“撞楔超前支护+注浆锚棚支护”联合加强支护措施。通过实际应用,过陷落柱期间顶板未发生冒落现象,顶板下沉量控制在0.13m以下,取得了显著成效。     

Voltage reference architectures for low-supply-voltage low-power applications

This paper presents a voltage reference generator architecture and two different realizations of it that have been fabricated within a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The architecture takes the advantage of utilizing a sampled-data amplifier (SDA) to optimize the power consumption. The circuits achieve output voltages on the order of 190 mV with temperature coefficients of 43 ppm/°C and 52.5 ppm/°C over the temperature range of 0 to 120°C without any trimming with a 0.8 V single supply. The power consumptions of the circuits are less then 500 nW while occupying an area of 0.2 mm² and 0.08 mm², respectively.     

Analysis of the effect of voltage level requirements on an electricity market equilibrium model

This paper presents a conjectural-variation-based equilibrium model of a single-price electricity market. The main characteristic of the model is that the market equilibrium equations incorporate the effect of the voltage constraints on the companies’ strategic behavior. A two-stage optimization model is used to solve the market equilibrium. In the first stage, an equivalent optimization problem is used to compute the day-ahead market clearing process. In the second stage, some generation units have to modify their active and reactive power in order to meet the technical constraints of the transmission network. These generation changes are determined by computing an AC optimal power flow.     

Integrated PLC-fuzzy PID Simulink implemented AVR system

Improving the transient response of power generation systems using automation control in a precise manner is the key issue. We design a fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) controller using Matlab and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for a set point voltage control problem in the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The controller objective is to maintain the terminal voltage all the time under any loads and operational conditions by attaining to the desired range via the regulation of the generator exciter voltage. The main voltage control system uses PLCs to implement the AVR action. The proposed fuzzy controller combines the genetic algorithm (GA), radial-basis function network (RBF-NN) identification and fuzzy logic control to determine the optimal PID controller parameters in AVR system. The RBF tuning for various operating conditions is further employed to develop the rule base of the Sugeno fuzzy system. The fuzzy PID controller (GNFPID) is further designed to transfer in PLCs (STEP 75.5) for implementing the AVR system with improved system response. An inherent interaction between two generator terminal voltage control and excitation current is revealed. The GNFPID controller configures the control signal based on interaction and there by reduces the voltage error and the oscillation in the terminal voltage control process. We achieve an excellent voltage control performance by testing the proposed fuzzy PID controller on a practical AVR system in synchronous generator for improve the transient response.     

车载空调控制器的新型按键旋钮溃缩设计

本文针对乘用车内部凸出物的法规要求对车载空调控制器的旋钮按键溃缩进行了研究和设计，描述了这种新型旋钮按键溃缩设计相对于目前常用的方案在成本、空间、可靠性等方面的优势。根据实际设计结果表明，本文所应用的新型旋钮按键溃缩设计能在成本与空间有限的情况下可靠的满足法规对乘用车内部凸出物的要求，为乘用车内部凸出物溃缩方案提供了新方向，值得我们推广应用。     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

Compensation of voltage disturbances using PEMFC supported Dynamic Voltage Restorer

The continuity of supply and quality of power are the two main significant aspects of today’s power delivery system. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a series connected custom power device which improves the quality of power delivered to the consumers. This paper deals with the effectual exploitation of DVR for interconnecting the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack to the grid based on optimized proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic (FL) Controller. The real coded Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the PI controller parameters. The PEMFC operated boost converter is used to boost up the fuel cell output voltage to balance the DC side necessities of the voltage source converter (VSC). The proposed DVR provides balanced and unbalanced voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic reduction as well as an active power injection to the grid. The designed method also protects the sensitive loads from source side power quality disturbances including short term interruption. In addition, the harmonic compensation performance of the proposed work is validated by comparing with the results of the H^∞ controller based DVR under medium level voltage condition. The simulation results from MATLAB/SIMULINK are discussed to prove the effectiveness of the planned method.